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Wednesday, February 25, 2009

How Liquid-cooled PCs Work


A liquid-cooling system for a PC is a lot like a cooling system for a car. Coolant flows through channels in a car's engine block, and the rest of the cooling system incorporates:
A pump that moves coolant through the system
A radiator that dispels heat into the air
A fan that moves air over the radiator
A coolant reservoir that holds extra fluid and allows easy addition of coolant
Hoses that connect the different parts of the system

These water blocks can cool a GPU, a CPU and a northbridge.
Many electronic components do not tolerate direct contact with liquid. So instead of using channels to pump liquid directly through microchips as in a car engine, a liquid-cooled PC uses water blocks. A water block is a piece of heat-conductive metal, like copper or aluminum, that's filled with hollow tubes and channels. The bottom of the water block is a flat piece of metal that sits directly on top of the chip being cooled. Thermal paste between the chip and the block improves the heat transfer between the two surfaces. The chip heats the block, and the water absorbs the heat as it flows through all the channels.
Many central processing unit (CPU) water blocks are universal, but some graphics processing unit (GPU) water blocks only work with specific chips. You can also find water blocks designed to cool other high-temperature chipsets, like the northbridge, which connects your CPU to your memory. Usually, small bolts and washers attach the water block to the necessary printed circuit board (PCB), such as the motherboard or video card.
The rest of a liquid-cooling system's components are much like those found in a car's cooling system. Most liquid-cooled PCs have:
A pump
A radiator
A fan
A coolant reservoir
Tubing
A centrifugal pump like the one used in your car
The pump is usually a centrifugal pump, much like you'd find in a car's cooling system. Some liquid-cooling pumps are submersible, and you can place them directly inside the coolant reservoir. Others need to be kept dry. If you're thinking about using a submersible pump, make sure its exterior doesn't get hot enough to heat all the fluid in the reservoir.
The pump is one of the most important parts of the system. Its flow rate determines how quickly the coolant moves through the tubes and blocks. If the water moves too quickly, it doesn't have time to absorb heat before moving on. If it moves too slowly, too much heat can build up around sensitive components. The complexity of the system affects the overall flow rate - the more resistance the fluid encounters within the blocks and radiator, the slower the overall flow rate.
The pump also has to be strong enough to move the liquid from the lowest point in the system to the highest. This is known as head pressure or vertical pressure, and it's especially important when liquid cooling tall server towers.

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